On This Day in Math - Nov 13

Mathematics is the only instructional material that can be presented in an entirely undogmatic way.
~Max Dehn

The 317th day of the year; 317 is a prime number.  The number made up of 317 consecutive ones is also prime.  It is the fourth prime repunit.  The smallest is 11.  Find the other two.  *Wik

EVENTS

354 Saint Augustine of Hippo born. He wrote: “The good Christian should beware of mathemati¬cians and all those who make empty prophecies. The danger already exists that mathematicians have made a covenant with the devil to darken the spirit and confine men in the bonds of Hell.” See D. W. Robinson, “From pebbles to commutators,” American Scientist, 55(1967), no. 3, pp. 329–337. *VFR

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1665 Newton trys a new approach to finding tangents "to crooked lines, however they may be related to straight ones", and develops his "fluxions", although he will not use that term until 1671. He uses a small letter o to represent a small change in time and uses p and q for what we would now call dx/dt and dy/dt and writes, "What is x and y in one moment will be x + o and y + o q/p in the next." All this will be rewritten into a single, more coherent paper in October of 1666.

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1843 Hamilton presents paper on Quaternions to the Royal Irish Academy
Hamilton describes his memory of the discovery of the Quaternions to his son,
"Every morning in the early part of the above-cited month, on my coming down to breakfast, your (then) little brother, William Edwin, and yourself, used to ask me, `Well, papa, can you multiply triplets?' Whereto I was always obliged to reply, with a sad shake of the head: `No, I can only add and subtract them. But on the 16th day of the same month (Oct) - which happened to be Monday, and a Council day of the Royal Irish Academy - I was walking in to attend and preside, and your mother was walking with me along the Royal Canal, to which she had perhaps driven; and although she talked with me now and then, yet an undercurrent of thought was going on in my mind which gave at last a result, whereof it is not too much to say that I felt at once the importance. An electric circuit seemed to close; and a spark flashed forth the herald (as I foresaw immediately) of many long years to come of definitely directed thought and work by myself, if spared, and, at all events, on the part of others if I should even be allowed to live long enough distinctly to communicate the discovery. Nor could I resist the impulse - unphilosophical as it may have been - to cut with a knife on a stone of Brougham Bridge, as we passed it, the fundamental formula which contains the Solution of the Problem, but, of course, the inscription has long since mouldered away. A more durable notice remains, however, on the Council Books of the Academy for that day (October 16, 1843), which records the fact that I then asked for and obtained leave to read a Paper on `Quaternions,' at the First General Meeting of the Session; which reading took place accordingly, on Monday, the 13th of November following.'' *Sir Robert Stawell Ball, Hamilton

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1845 Faraday writes in a letter to Christian Schonbein, “I happen to have discovered a direct relation between magnetism and light, also electricity and light, and the field it opens is so large and I think rich.” * The Letters of Faraday and Schoenbein

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1884 The London Mathematical Society awarded its first DeMorgan Medal to Arthur Cayley who “has invented and worked out the theory of invariants, and in steady life-long work connected it with nearly every branch of mathematics, enriching everything he touches, and everywhere throwing open new vistas of future work.” [Mathematical Intelligencer 6, no. 4, p. 8] *VFR

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1957 Gordan Gould, a 37-year-old Columbia University graduate student, leaped out of bed at 1 a.m. to begin furiously scribbling notes for the world’s first laser (his acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). It took 20 years of legal battles to receive his “candy store patent,” so called because he had his notebook notarized in a candy store. [UPI press release, Nov. 12, 1982]*VFR He continued developing the idea, and filed a patent application in April 1959. The U.S. Patent Office denied his application, and awarded a patent to Bell Labs, in 1960. That provoked a twenty-eight-year lawsuit, featuring scientific prestige and money as the stakes. Gould won his first minor patent in 1977, yet it was not until 1987 that he won the first significant patent lawsuit victory, when a Federal judge ordered the U.S. Patent Office to issue patents to Gould for the optically pumped and the gas discharge laser devices.*Wik

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In 1971, Mariner-9, the first man-made object to orbit another planet, entered Martian orbit. The mission of the unmanned craft was to return photographs mapping 70% of the surface, and to study the planet's thin atmosphere, clouds, and hazes, together with its surface chemistry and seasonal changes.*TIS

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1983 The MIT TX-0, an experimental transistorized computer, is brought back to life for the third (and final) time at The Computer Museum in Marlboro, Massachusetts. The resurrection was achieved under the care of its devoted technician, John McKenzie, MIT Professor Jack Dennis, who was in charge of the machine, and a number of users. The TX-0 was built at Lincoln Laboratories in 1955 then dismantled and moved to MIT in 1956 where it was deemed to be obsolete in two years. The TX-0 is considered to be one the earliest transistorized computers ever designed.*TIS

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BIRTHS
354 Saint Augustine of Hippo  He wrote: “The good Christian should beware of mathemati¬cians and all those who make empty prophecies. The danger already exists that mathematicians have made a covenant with the devil to darken the spirit and confine men in the bonds of Hell.” See D. W. Robinson, “From pebbles to commutators,” American Scientist, 55(1967), no. 3, pp. 329–337. *VFR

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1786 James Thomson campaigned to reform Glasgow University. He wrote many textbooks. He was the father of Lord Kelvin.*SAU

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1876 Ernest Julius Wilczynski (November 13, 1876-September 14, 1932) was an American mathematician considered the founder of projective differential geometry.
Born in Hamburg, Germany, Wilczynski's family emigrated to America and settled in Chicago, Illinois when he was very young. He attended public school in the US but went to college in Germany and received his PhD from the University of Berlin in 1897. He taught at the University of California until 1907, the University of Illinois from 1907 to 1910, and the University of Chicago from 1910 until illness forced his absence from the classroom.*Wik

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1878 Max Wilhelm Dehn (13 Nov 1878 in Hamburg, Germany - 27 June 1952 in Black Mountain, North Carolina, USA) wrote one of the first systematic expositions of topology (1907) and later formulated important problems on group presentations, namely the word problem and the isomorphism problem.He was an intuitive geometer, stimulated by Hilbert's axiomatic approach to the subject. Dehn had solved the third of Hilbert's 23 problems on the congruence of polyhedra. In 1907 Dehn wrote one of the first systematic expositions of topology jointly with Heegaard. At that time topology was called 'analysis situs'.
Dehn's work in topology had led him into the study of groups, particularly group presentations which arise naturally from topological considerations. Dehn formulated important problems on group presentations, namely the word problem and the isomorphism problem.
The word problem asks the fundamental question of whether there is an algorithm to determine whether a word in a group given by a presentation is trivial. It has since been shown that no such algorithm exists in general. Research on questions of this type are still of major importance in combinatorial group theory.
Dehn also wrote on statics, projective planes and the history of mathematics. *SAU

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1920 Kollagunta Gopalaiyer Ramanathan (November 13, 1920 - May 10, 1992) was an Indian mathematician known for his work in number theory. His contributions are also to the general development of mathematical research and teaching in India.
At TIFR, he built up the number theory group of young mathematicians from India. For several years, he took interest to study Ramanujan's unpublished and published work. He was a Editorial board member of Acta Arithmetica for over 30 years. He retired from TIFR in 1985.
His wrote a paper with Mathukumalli V. Subbarao giving him an Erdős number of 2.*WIK

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1959 Lene Vestergaard Hau (born in Denmark, on November 13, 1959) is a Danish physicist. In 1999, she led a Harvard University team who, by use of a superfluid, succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 metres per second, and, in 2001, was able to momentarily stop a beam.
In 1989, Hau accepted a two-year appointment as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. She received her degree from the University of Aarhus in Denmark in 1991. Her formalized training is in theoretical physics but her interest moved to experimental research in an effort to create a new form of matter known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. In 1991 she joined the Rowland Institute for Science at Cambridge as a scientific staff member. Since 1999 she has held the Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics and Professor of Physics at Harvard. She now is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Harvard. *Wik

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DEATHS
2002 Frederick Valentine Atkinson (January 25 1916 in Pinner (London, Middlesex ); November 13 2002 in Toronto , Canada) was a British mathematician .
Atkinson studied mathematics at Queen's College in Oxford. In 1939 he wrote a thesis on mean value theorems of the Riemann zeta function doctorate. He then received a scholarship, but he gave up in 1940 to serve as a cryptanalyst to do military service in military intelligence. He has spent three years in India to decipher Japanese codes.
Atkinson's main areas of work were the number theory (Riemann zeta-function) and differential equations ( boundary value problems ). His name is associated with the set of Atkinson on Fredholm operators connected. *Wik

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Credits
*VFR = V Frederick Rickey, USMA
*TIS= Today in Science History
*Wik = Wikipedia
*SAU=St Andrews Univ. Math History
*CHM=Computer History Museum