On This Day in Math - November 3

The teaching of Algebra in the early stages ought to consist of a gradual generalisation of Arithmetic; in other words, Algebra ought, in the first instance to be taught as Arithmetica Universalis in the strictest sense.

~George Chrystal in the Preface to Algebra (1886)

The 308th day of the year; 308 is the sum of two consecutive primes. If 18 circles are drawn in the plane, they can separate the plane into 308 regions. Student's might try to find the maximum number of regions for smaller numbers of circles.

EVENTS
In 1664, Robert Hooke showed an advanced copy of his classic book Micrographia, or some Physiological Descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon to the Royal Society in London. This large volume contained sketches of practically everything Hooke could view with the latest invention of the day, the microscope. It was also history's first treatise on microbiology, and coined the word "cell" in the biological context. Also included in this volume are many snow crystal drawings, which for the first time revealed the complexity and intricate symmetry of snow crystal structure. The book was published in 1665 and became promptly a best-seller.*TIS

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1832 Janos Bolyai in a letter to his father Farkas when he told of his work on non-Euclidean geometry. The young Janos Bolyai perhaps expressed the revelation afforded by the new mathematics most eloquently in 1823, when he wrote breathlessly to his father about his work in non‐Euclidean geometry: “I have made such wonderful discoveries that I have been almost overwhelmed by them. … I can only say this: I have created a new universe from nothing.” * Amir R. Alexander , Tragic Mathematics, Isis, Vol. 97, No. 4, December 2006

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1863 Arthur Cayley gave his Inagural lecture at Cambridge. The topic was a survey of his course in analytic geometry. *A. J. Crilly, Arthur Cayley: Mathematician Laureate of the Victorian Age

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1937 Howard. H. Aiken (Harvard University) writes a letter to J. W. Bryce (IBM) starting a discussion on automatic calculating machinery for use in computing physical problems. This would lead to the creation of The Harvard Mark I, the fifty-one feet long, eight feet high, and weighing nearly five tons Giant Brain. With high-speed electromechanical units for multiplication and division, electromechanical tables of functions, three paper-tape interpolator units, 72 accumulating storage registers and 60 dial-switch constant register, all called into play by commands read from the punched-tape sequence control, The Harvard Mark I was the most powerful calculating machine of its day.*CHM

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In 1957, Sputnik 2 was launched, with the first live animal sent into space - a Siberian husky dog, Laika ("barker" in Russian). By design, the craft was not planned for recovery, and Laika died in orbit. Biological data, the first data of its kind, was transmitted back to Earth while she lived. The data showed scientists how Laika was adapting to space - information important to the imminent planned manned missions. The 508-kg satellite remained in orbit 162 days. Laika was considered a hero in the Soviet Union. The first human to pilot a spacecraft, Yuri Gagarin, followed on 12 Apr 1961, aboard Vostok 1.*TIS

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BIRTHS
1867 Martin Wilhelm Kutta (3 Nov 1867 in Pitschen, Upper Silesia - 25 Dec 1944 in Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany) was a German engineer who is best known for his work on the numerical solution of differential equations (the Runge-Kutta method). Kutta also worked on research on glaciers and also research in the history of mathematics. He wrote a paper on Wallis's 1659 work on integration and the length of an ellipse.*SAU

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1878 Arthur Byron Coble (November 3, 1878 – December 8, 1966) was an American mathematician. He did research on finite geometries and the group theory related to them, Cremona transformations associated with the Galois theory of equations, and the relations between hyperelliptic theta functions, irrational binary invariants, the Weddle surface and the Kummer surface. He was President of the American Mathematical Society from 1933 to 1934.*Wik

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1896 Raymond Louis Wilder (3 November 1896, Palmer, Massachusetts – 7 July 1982, Santa Barbara, California) was an American mathematician, who specialized in topology and gradually acquired philosophical and anthropological interests.*Wik

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1906 Carl Benjamin Boyer (November 3, 1906 – April 26, 1976) was a historian of sciences, and especially mathematics. David Foster Wallace called him the "Gibbon of math history". He wrote the books History of Analytic Geometry, The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development, A History of Mathematics, and The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. He served as book-review editor of Scripta Mathematica *Wik

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DEATHS
1643 Paul Guldin died (original name Habakkuk Guldin) (June 12, 1577 – November 3, 1643) was a Swiss Jesuit mathematician and astronomer. He discovered the Guldinus theorem to determine the surface and the volume of a solid of revolution. This theorem is also known as Pappus–Guldinus theorem and Pappus's centroid theorem, attributed to Pappus of Alexandria. He was noted for his association with the German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler
He was born in Mels, Switzerland and was a professor of mathematics in Graz and Vienna.
In Paolo Casati's astronomical work Terra machinis mota (1658), Casati imagines a dialogue between Guldin, Galileo, and Marin Mersenne on various intellectual problems of cosmology, geography, astronomy and geodesy. *Wik

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1832 John Leslie (17 April 1766 in Largo, Fife, Scotland - 3 Nov 1832 in Coates (near Largo), Fife, Scotland) Leslie was a successful professor of mathematics, attracting large classes of students and publishing his lectures in popular textbooks such as the three part work Elements of Geometry​, Geometrical Analysis, and Plane Trigonometry (1809). He mixed classical mathematical teaching with some new continental approaches to analysis and algebra particularly in his advanced classes. Leslie became professor in Natural Philosophy in 1819 after the chair fell vacant on Playfair's death. This was not without a battle, for again the Church put up a candidate but, having won a victory in the earlier encounter, this time proved much more straightforward. He gave courses which were filled with experiments on specially made apparatus, for which Leslie himself had paid over half the cost from his own pocket. He soon discovered that one of the main problems of teaching university level physics was the lack of mathematical background of most of his students. He wanted to rectify this by teaching mathematics courses specially tailored for his physics students, but the University of Edinburgh senate prevented him from giving such courses since these topics were deemed the responsibility of the professor of mathematics. *SAU

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1911 George Chrystal (8 March 1851 in Old Meldrum (near Aberdeen), Scotland
- 3 Nov 1911 in Edinburgh, Scotland)is best remembered today for Algebra: a two volume work which was completed by 1889. He was also involved in educational reform throughout his career and was a major figure in setting up an educational system in Scotland. He became one of the first honorary members of the EMS in 1883. *SAU Chrystal was (one of?) the first to use the inverted exclamation mark for the subfactorial notation.

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1918 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (June 6 [O.S. May 25] 1857 – November 3, 1918) was a Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. His surname is sometimes romanized as Ljapunov, Liapunov or Ljapunow. He is known for his development of the stability theory of a dynamical system, as well as for his many contributions to mathematical physics and probability theory. In the theory of probability, he generalised the works of Chebyshev and Markov, and proved the Central Limit Theorem under more general conditions than his predecessors. The method he used for the proof found later widespread use in probability theory. *Wik

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1960 Sir Harold Spencer Jones (29 Mar 1890, 3 Nov 1960) English astronomer who was 10th astronomer royal of England (1933–55). His work was devoted to fundamental positional astronomy. While HM Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope, he worked on poper motions and parallaxes. Later he showed that small residuals in the apparent motions of the planets are due to the irregular rotation of the earth. He led in the worldwide effort to determine the distance to the sun by triangulating the distance of the asteroid Eros when it passed near the earth in 1930-31. Spencer Jones also improved timekeeping and knowledge of the Earth’s rotation. After WW II he supervised the move of the Royal Observatory to Herstmonceux, where it was renamed the Royal Greenwich Observatory.*TIS

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1967 Alexander Craig Aitken (Born: 1 April 1895 in Dunedin, New Zealand
- 3 Nov 1967 in Edinburgh, Scotland) served at Gallipoli and in France with the New Zealand army. His experiences here affected him for the rest of his life. He studied at Edinburgh University after World War I and was then given a post there. He had a prodigious memory and calculating ability. He worked in Statistics, Numerical Analysis and Algebra and made important contributions in all these areas. He became President of the EMS in 1931 and 1951 and an honorary member in 1967. *SAU  Someone once asked Aitken to divide 4 by 47; He paused for four seconds, then; began to read off a digit every second or so.  After 26 digits, he paused to talk about the problem for a second, then continued with successive digits until he reached the end of the cycle and added, "... it starts again with 085.  So if that's forty-six places I'm right."  *Walter Gratzer, Eurekas and Euphorias, pg 21

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Credits
*CHM=Computer History Museum
*FFF=Kane, Famous First Facts
*NSEC= NASA Solar Eclipse Calendar
*SAU=St Andrews Univ. Math History
*TIA = Today in Astronomy
*TIS= Today in Science History
*VFR = V Frederick Rickey, USMA
*Wik = Wikipedia
*WM = Women of Mathematics, Grinstein & Campbell