In a world in which the price of calculation
continues to decrease rapidly, but the price of theorem proving continues to hold steady or increase, elementary economics indicates that we ought to spend a larger and larger fraction of our time on calculation.
John Tukey
The 167th day of the year; 167 is the only prime requiring exactly eight cubes to express it. *Prime Curios (I find it amazing that there is only one such prime number)
167= 2 * 34 + 5
167 is the smallest number whose fourth power begins with four identical digits, 1674=777796321.
167 is an emirp, a prime whose reverse, 761 is also prime. The 167th prime is 991 and it is also an emirp. Wait! the 991st prime, 7841 is also an emirp.
167 x 701 = 117067. Note that the six digits in the product are the six digits on the factors. Such numbers were named Vampire numbers by Cliff Pickover in 1995. This particular is the smallest vampire number with prime factors. it is the 17th vampire number. There are seven four digit Vampire numbers. The next that factors into two primes also has a year day for one factor.
EVENTS
Posthumous portrait in the Giovio Series at the Uffizi in Florence, attributed to Cristofano dell'Altissimo, c. 1568
On June 16, 1794, a shower of stones fell from the sky just outside Siena, Italy. The many eye-witnesses agreed that a dark cloud had rapidly approached out of a clear sky, exploded like a battery of fireworks, and ejected the stones, which fell with a hissing sound. At the time, most scientists thought that tales of stones falling from the skies were mere peasant inventions. The German physicist Ernst Chladni, a few months before the Siena fall, had written a book making the case for the extra-terrestrial origins of meteorites, but he found no takers. After the Siena fall, Abbé Ambrogio Soldani, an Italian naturalist, interviewed witnesses and collected 19 of the fallen stones; he also sent one stone to an English chemist working in Italy, William Thomson, who analyzed it. Both Soldani and Thomson agreed that the stones had a fusion crust that must have been produced by extreme heat, and that they contained a great deal of iron, which made them quite unlike the other rocks of the Siena countryside
Later that year, Soldani published a book, Sopra una pioggetta di sassi accaduta nella sera de' 16 Giugno del MDCCXCIV, that presented his arguments and Thomson's evidence that the Siena stones really had come from the heavens. This book, along with Chladni's, launched the science of meteoritics, and nine years later, the great fall of stones at L'Aigle France, and the study of these meteorites by Jean-Baptiste Biot, confirmed all that Soldani and Chladni had suggested. *Linda Hall org
17 1799 Gauss awarded his Ph.D. at age 22, the usual requirement of an oral exam being dropped. His dissertation gave the first correct proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra. *VFR
It is It is common in modern textbooks to treat the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra as a consequence of Louiville's Theorem in complex analysis (named after Joseph Liouville (1809–1892)). , Liouville’s Theorem itself wasn’t first proved until nearly 50 years after Gauss’s dissertation (and was named after a man who was not even born when Gauss’s dissertation was published). So not only does the standard presentation of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra misrepresent the historical development of the theorem, it also postpones the proof of of such an important theorem until one takes an upper level course in complex analysis. Gauss himself proved the theorem without any appeal to complex numbers at all! Instead, he used ideas from geometry, trigonometry, and calculus. The ideas present in his dissertation are accessible to any interested student who has completed the calculus sequence. While Gauss himself avoided using complex numbers, he sometimes did so only with great effort. Indeed, at several points Gauss took theorems that are easily proved using basic properties of complex numbers and reproved them using somewhat convoluted trigonometric calculations. *On Gauss’s First Proof of
the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Soham Basu and Daniel J. Velleman
1833 Janos Bolyai was retired as Captain in the cavalry for dueling with thirteen other officers. He accepted their challenge on the condition that he be allowed to play his violin between duels. [Bonola, Non-Euclidean Geometry, Appendix 1, p. xxix]*VFR
1825 Faraday’s account of his discovery of bicarburet of hydrogen (later called Benzene) was read to the Royal Society. *Jennifer Wilson, Celebrating Michael Faraday’s Discovery of Benzene, Ambix,Volume 59, Issue 3
It took humans over 100 years to determine and confirm the structure of benzene. Why did it take so long? Why was there such a curiosity? The 1:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the empirical formula and low chemical reactivity of benzene were a paradox to chemists in the early 1800's.
In 1825, Michael Faraday isolated an oily residue of gas lamps. Faraday called this liquid "bicarburet of hydrogen" and measured the boiling point to be 80°C. Additionally, Faraday determined the empirical formula to be CH. About nine years later, Eilhard Mitscherlich synthesized the same compound from benzoic acid and lime (CaO).
During the mid to late 1800's, several possible structures (shown below) were proposed for benzene.
It was not until the 1930's that Kekule's structure was confirmed by X-ray and electron diffraction. During the end of Kekule's career he revealed that the structure came to him in a vision after enjoying a glass or two of wine by the fire in his favorite chair. His inspiration for the structure of benzene was derived from an ouroboros in the flames.
1825 Benjamin Gompartz leter to Francis Baily in which he expounded his law of human mortality. Today the curve is expressed as \( N(t) = N(O) e^{-c(e^{at}-1)} \) *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(For those interested in mathematical notation, this paper makes frequent use of the overbar as a vincula or grouping symbol in plaxe of modern day parentheses.
1854 For the first time in more than twenty years, Gauss left Gottingen. He went to see the railway between Cassel and Gottingen that was under construction. *VFR
1867 A Memorial to Leonardo Bigolli (Fibonacci) was erected in Pisa. The monument includes a 1241 decree by the commune of Pisa that bestowed an annual salary to Leonardo, "In consideration of the honor brought to the city and its citizens and their betterment by the teaching and zealous cooperation of that discrete and learned man." *The Man of Numbers, Keith Devlin
The Leonardo Fibonacci Statue is currently in the old cemetery called Camposanto Monumentale (or Campo Santo, “Holy Field”). It was built in the 12th century and is absolutely spectacular. There are beautiful statues and frescoes on the walls that date back to the 1300s. The Fibonacci statues itself is in the corner of this humongous ancient building.*All Star Charts
1885 The first gravity-powered American roller coaster that was commercially successful was put in operation at Coney Island, N.Y., the invention of La Marcus Thompson (patent No. 310,966). Passengers rode a train on undulating tracks over a wooden structure 600-ft long. The train started at a height of 50-ft on one end and ran downhill by gravity until its momentum died. Passengers then left the train and attendants pushed the car over a switch to a higher level. The passengers returned to their sideways facing seats and rode back to the original starting point. Admission on the Thompson Switchback Railway was 5 cents and he grossed an average of $600 / day. Within 4 yrs he had built about 50 more across the U.S. and in Europe.
28906251893 Secretary of Agriculture J. Sterling Morton begins his attack on the U. S. Weather Bureau with a letter to Cleveland Abbe, "It seems to me that the disbursements of the Weather Bureau for scientists are altogether too extravagant." Within days he would also cut his salary by 25%. *Isaac's Storm, Erik Larson
1902 Bertrand Russell wrote Gottlob Frege that in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik “there is just one point where I have encountered a difficulty.” The difficulty is the Russell Antinomy, a logical contradiction. See 22 June 1902. Russell had found a class of contradictions to Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift. This contradiction can be stated as "the class of all classes that do not contain themselves as elements".
Frege responded
"... your discovery of the contradiction caused me the greatest surprise and, I would almost say, consternation, since it has shaken the basis on which I intended to build arithmetic."
1902 Albert Einstein formally appointed as Technical Expert at the Swiss Patent Office at Bern at a salary equivalent to about $3,000 a year.
1911 the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) was incorporated, a predecessor of IBM (1924). Earlier, in 1890, Dr. Herman Hollerith had constructed an electromechanical machine using perforated cards for use in the U.S. census, and in 1896 he founded the Tabulating Machine Co. to construct sorting machines. In 1911, CTR was the result of the merger of the Tabulating Company (founded by Hollerith), the Computing Scale Company, and the International Time Recording Company)
1933 FDR signed the Banking Act, which separated commercial banking from investment banking and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. He also signed the Farm Credit Act, the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act (which created the Public Works Administration).
1963 Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space. She was aboard the Soviet Union’s Vostok 6. See 18 June 1983.She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, is the only woman to have been on a solo space mission and is the last surviving Vostok programme cosmonaut. She was the youngest woman to fly in space until 2023 when Anastatia Mayers flew on Galactic 02 at the age of 18. Since Mayers flew a suborbital mission, Tereshkova remains the youngest woman to fly in Earth orbit.
1973 Afghanistan issued a postage stamp commemorating the millennium of the birth of Ab'u Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al Bırunı (born 4 September 973, died after 1050), author of books on arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy and geography. [Scott #881].
1993 May have been a premature date for the 100th anniversary. Although rumors exist that a "candy coated popcorn" was sold by the Rueckheim brothers at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, there seems to be no supporting evidence of this. The first lot of Cracker Jack was produced and the name was registered in 1896.
The Sailor Jack in the logo was modeled after Robert Rueckheim, nephew of the Rueckheim brothers, who sadly died of pneumonia shortly after his image appeared at the age of 8. The dog in the image, Bingo, was a stray who lived on for another 17 years. *Wik
BIRTHS
1640 Jacques Ozanam (16 June 1640, Sainte-Olive, Ain - 3 April 1718, Paris) was born in Sainte-Olive, Ain, France. All his books sold well and ran to many editions, especially his famous works Dictionnaire mathématique (1691), the five volume work Cours de mathématiques (1693) and Récréations mathématiques et physiques (1694). It is certainly for this last work on recreational mathematics that Ozanam will be most remembered. The precursor of books to follow for the next 200 years, he published it in four volumes in 1694 and it later went through at least ten editions. Ozanam based his book on earlier works by Bachet, Mydorge, Leurechon, and Schwenter. It was later revised and enlarged by Montucla, then translated into English by Hutton (1803, 1814).
1782 Olry Terquem (16 June 1782 – 6 May 1862) was a French mathematician. He is known for his works in geometry and for founding two scientific journals, one of which was the first journal about the history of mathematics. He was also the pseudonymous author (as Tsarphati) of a sequence of letters advocating radical Reform in Judaism. He was French Jewish.
Terquem translated works concerning artillery, was the author of several textbooks, and became an expert on the history of mathematics. Terquem and Camille-Christophe Gerono were the founding editors of the Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques in 1842. Terquem also founded another journal in 1855, the Bulletin de Bibliographie, d'Histoire et de Biographie de Mathématiques, which was published as a supplement to the Nouvelles Annales, and he continued editing it until 1861. This was the first journal dedicated to the history of mathematics.
The three marked points that lie on the nine point circle and interior to the triangle were found by Terquem. The point of convergence of the three red lines through the triangle is its orthocenter. He is also known for naming the nine-point circle and fully proving its properties. This is a circle defined from a given triangle that contains nine special points of the triangle. Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach had previously observed that the three feet of the altitudes of a triangle and the three midpoints of its sides all lie on a single circle, but Terquem was the first to prove that this circle also contains the midpoints of the line segments connecting each vertex to the orthocenter of the triangle. He also gave a new proof of Feuerbach's theorem that the nine-point circle is tangent to the incircle and excircles of a triangle.
Terquem's other contributions to mathematics include naming the pedal curve of another curve, and counting the number of perpendicular lines from a point to an algebraic curve as a function of the degree of the curve. He was also the first to observe that the minimum or maximum value of a symmetric function is often obtained by setting all variables equal to each other.
He became an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1852. After he died, his funeral was officiated by Lazare Isidor, the Chief Rabbi of Paris and later of France, and attended by over 12 generals headed by Edmond Le Bœuf.
*Wik
1801 Julius Plucker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) born in Elberfeld, Germany. He was a geometer who worked in analytic andprojective geometry, and on the theory of plane curves.*VFR He was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves. *VFR (Lame curves are curves with equations of the form (x/a)^n + (y/b)^n = 1. He investigated n for both rational and irrational values. Piet Hein's "super-ellipse" is an example of a Lame curve.)
Ozanam's original edition contained an early example of a problem about orthogonal Latin squares:-
Arrange the 16 court cards so that each row and each column contains one of each suit and one of each value.
1782 Olry Terquem (16 June 1782 – 6 May 1862) was a French mathematician. He is known for his works in geometry and for founding two scientific journals, one of which was the first journal about the history of mathematics. He was also the pseudonymous author (as Tsarphati) of a sequence of letters advocating radical Reform in Judaism. He was French Jewish.
Terquem translated works concerning artillery, was the author of several textbooks, and became an expert on the history of mathematics. Terquem and Camille-Christophe Gerono were the founding editors of the Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques in 1842. Terquem also founded another journal in 1855, the Bulletin de Bibliographie, d'Histoire et de Biographie de Mathématiques, which was published as a supplement to the Nouvelles Annales, and he continued editing it until 1861. This was the first journal dedicated to the history of mathematics.
Terquem's other contributions to mathematics include naming the pedal curve of another curve, and counting the number of perpendicular lines from a point to an algebraic curve as a function of the degree of the curve. He was also the first to observe that the minimum or maximum value of a symmetric function is often obtained by setting all variables equal to each other.
He became an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1852. After he died, his funeral was officiated by Lazare Isidor, the Chief Rabbi of Paris and later of France, and attended by over 12 generals headed by Edmond Le Bœuf.
*Wik
1801 Julius Plucker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) born in Elberfeld, Germany. He was a geometer who worked in analytic andprojective geometry, and on the theory of plane curves.*VFR He was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves. *VFR (Lame curves are curves with equations of the form (x/a)^n + (y/b)^n = 1. He investigated n for both rational and irrational values. Piet Hein's "super-ellipse" is an example of a Lame curve.)
1839 Julius Petersen (16 June 1839, Sorø, West Zealand – 5 August 1910, Copenhagen) was a Danish mathematician who worked on geometry and graph theory. He is best remembered for the Petersen graph.
Donald Knuth states that the Petersen graph is "a remarkable configuration that serves as a counterexample to many optimistic predictions about what might be true for graphs in general. *Wik
One of the remarkable things about the Petersen graph is that is the smallest hypohamiltonian graph -- it has no Hamiltonian cycle, but deleting any vertex makes it Hamiltonian. In less formal terms, it's possible to start at any node and visit all 10 nodes while traveling on line segments alone, but there's no way to close the loop and return to the starting node at the end of the trip; but if you remove one vertex, any of them, then it is possible to connect every node in a complete circuit. This fact seems to have first been discovered by René Sousselier in 1963.
1866 James P. Pierpont (June 16, 1866, New Have, Connecticut, USA – December 9, 1938) American mathematician. His father Cornelius Pierpont was a wealthy New Haven businessman. He did undergraduate studies at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, initially in mechanical engineering, but turned to mathematics. He went to Europe after graduating in 1886. He studied in Berlin, and later in Vienna. He prepared his PhD at the University of Vienna under Leopold Gegenbauer and Gustav Ritter von Escherich. His thesis, defended in 1894, is entitled Zur Geschichte der Gleichung fünften Grades bis zum Jahre 1858. After his defense, he returned to New Haven and was appointed as a lecturer at Yale University, where he spent most of his career. In 1898, he became professor. Initially, his research dealt with Galois theory of equations. After 1900, he worked in real and complex analysis.
In his textbooks of real analysis, he introduced a definition of the integral analogous to Lebesgue integration. His definition was later criticized by Maurice Fréchet. Finally, in the 1920s, his interest turned to non-Euclidean geometry. *Wik
1888 Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann (June 16 (4 old style) – September 16, 1925, Leningrad, USSR) Russian mathematician who was the first to work out a mathematical analysis of an expanding universe consistent with general relativity, yet without Einstein's cosmological constant. In 1922, he developed solutions to the field equations, one of which clearly described a universe that began from a point singularity, and expanded thereafter. In his article On the Curvature of Space received by the journal Zeitschrift für Physik on 29 Jun 1922, he showed that the radius of curvature of the universe can be either an increasing or a periodic function of time. In Jul 1925, he made a record-breaking 7400-m balloon ascent to make meteorological and medical observations. A few weeks later he fell ill and died of typhus. *TIS (His date of birth is often given as 29 June. However this is an error which came about in converting the "Old Style" Russian date to the "New Style" date, which requires an addition of 12 days.)
1915 John Wilder Tukey (June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American statistician. He was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1982 "For his contributions to the spectral analysis of random processes and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm."
Tukey retired in 1985. He died in New Brunswick, New Jersey Tukey coined many statistical terms that have become part of common usage, but the two most famous coinages attributed to him were related to computer science.
While working with John von Neumann on early computer designs, Tukey introduced the word "bit" as a contraction of "binary digit". The term "bit" was first used in an article by Claude Shannon in 1948.
The term "software", which Paul Niquette claims he coined in 1953, was first used in print by Tukey in a 1958 article in American Mathematical Monthly, and thus some attribute the term to him; He also is credited with the terms ANOVA, and boxplot. *Wik
1965 Andrea Mia Ghez (born June 16, 1965) is an American astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, and professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Lauren B. Leichtman & Arthur E. Levine chair in Astrophysics, at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research focuses on the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
She received a BS in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987. While there, she was a member of the fraternity of St. Anthony Hall. She received a PhD under the direction of Gerry Neugebauer at the California Institute of Technology in 1992.
In 2020, she became the fourth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing one half of the prize with Reinhard Genzel (the other half being awarded to Roger Penrose). The Nobel Prize was awarded to Ghez and Genzel for their discovery of a supermassive compact object, now generally recognized to be a black hole, in the Milky Way's Galactic Center.
Sagittarius A* imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017,
DEATHS
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| *Wik |
1813 John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was an English physician and a leader in the development of anesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854, which he curtailed by removing the handle of a water pump. Snow's findings inspired the adoption of anesthesia as well as fundamental changes in the water and waste systems of London, which led to similar changes in other cities, and a significant improvement in general public health around the world.
Image, John Snow memorial and public house on Broadwick Street, Soho
The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic – and How it Changed Science, Cities and the Modern World is a book by Steven Berlin Johnson. Highly Recommended
1902 Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841 in Mannheim, Germany -16 June 1902 in Karlsruhe, Germany) Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany – 16 June 1902 in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic. He is a major figure in the history of mathematical logic (a term he may have invented)[citation needed], by virtue of summarizing and extending the work of George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, Hugh MacColl, and especially Charles Peirce. He is best known for his monumental Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik (Lectures on the algebra of logic), in 3 volumes, which prepared the way for the emergence of mathematical logic as a separate discipline in the twentieth century by systematizing the various systems of formal logic of the day. *Wik
1910 Julius Weingartnen (2 March 1836 in Berlin – 16 June 1910 in Freiburg im Breisgau) He worked on differential geometry. He received his doctorate in 1864 from Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. He made some important contributions to the differential geometry of surfaces, such as the Weingarten equations *Wik
1948 Marcel Brillouin (19 December 1854 – 16 June 1948) worked on topics ranging from history of science to the physics of the earth and the atom. *SAU
During his career he was the author of over 200 experimental and theoretic papers on a wide range of topics which include the kinetic theory of gases, viscosity, thermodynamics, electricity, and the physics of melting conditions. Most notably he:
built a new model of the Eötvös balance,
wrote on Helmholtz flow and the stability of aircraft,
worked on a theory of the tides.
Brillouin died in Paris (16 June 1948). His son Léon Brillouin, also had a prominent career in physics.
1970 Sydney Chapman (29 January 1888 – 16 June 1970) English mathematician and physicist noted for his research in geophysics. After graduation (1910) he worked at the Greenwich Observatory, but returned to Cambridge upon the outbreak of WW I. Between 1915 and 1917 he completed a series of important papers on thermal diffusion and the fundamentals of gas dynamics. He developed systematic approximations to the Maxwell-Boltzmann formulation for the velocity distribution function for interacting particles under general force laws. During WW II he worked on military operational research and incendiary bomb problems. Chapman's main area of research was geomagnetism, beginning in 1913 and extending to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis.*TIS
1977 Wernher Magnus Maximilian von Braun (23 Mar 1912; 16 Jun 1977 at age 65) was a German-American rocket engineer who was one of the most important developers of rockets and their evolution to applications in space exploration. His interest began as a teenager in Germany, and during WW II he led the development of the deadly V–2 ballistic missile for the Nazis (which role remains controversial). After war, he was taken to use his knowledge to produce rockets for the U.S. Army. In 1960, he transferred to the newly formed NASA and became director of Marshall Space Flight Center and chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle used to put men on the moon. His contributions include the Explorer satellites; Jupiter, Pershing, Redstone and Saturn rockets, and Skylab. *TIS
1990 Thomas George Cowling (17 June 1906 in Hackney, London, England - 16 June 1990 in Leeds, England) Tom Cowling graduated from Oxford and worked at Imperial College London. He lectured at Swansea, Dundee and Manchester and became a professor at Bangor and Leeds. He worked on theoretical astronomy and stellar physics. *SAU
2001 Alessandro Faedo (18 November 1913 – 15 June 2001) (also known as Alessandro Carlo Faedo or Sandro Faedo) was an Italian mathematician and politician, born in Chiampo. He is known for his work in numerical analysis, leading to the Faedo–Galerkin method: he was one of the pupils of Leonida Tonelli and, after his death, he succeeded him on the chair of mathematical analysis at the University of Pisa, becoming dean of the faculty of sciences and then rector and exerting a strong positive influence on the development of the university. *Wik
2004 Herman Heine Goldstine (September 13, 1913 – June 16, 2004) was a mathematician and computer scientist, who was one of the original developers of ENIAC, the first of the modern electronic digital computers.
Herman Heine Goldstine was born in Chicago in 1913 to Jewish parents. He attended the University of Chicago, where he joined the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity, and graduated with a degree in Mathematics in 1933, a master's degree in 1934, and a PhD in 1936. For three years he was a research assistant under Gilbert Ames Bliss, an authority on the mathematical theory of external ballistics. In 1939 Goldstine began a teaching career at the University of Michigan, until the United States' entry into World War II, when he joined the U. S. Army. In 1941 he married Adele Katz, who was an ENIAC programmer and who wrote the technical description for ENIAC. He had a daughter and a son with Adele, who died in 1964. Two years later he married secondly Ellen Watson.
In retirement Goldstine became executive director of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia between 1985 and 1997, in which capacity he was able to attract many prestigious visitors and speakers.
Goldstine died on June 16, 2004 at his home in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, after a long struggle with Parkinson's disease. His death was announced by the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, where a post-doctoral fellowship was renamed in his honor. *Wik
2022 Ken Knowlton, (June 6, 1931-June 16, 2022) an engineer, computer scientist and artist who helped pioneer the science and art of computer graphics and made many of the first computer-generated pictures, portraits and movies.
In 1962, after finishing a Ph.D. in electrical engineering, Dr. Knowlton joined Bell Labs in Murray Hill, N.J., a future-focused division of the Bell telephone conglomerate that was among the world’s leading research labs. After learning that the lab had installed a new machine that could print images onto film, he resolved to make movies using computer-generated graphics. Over the next several months, he developed what he believed to be the first computer programming language for computer animation, called BEFLIX (short for “Bell Labs Flicks”). The following year, he used this language to make an animated movie. Called “A Computer Technique for the Production of Animated Movies,” this 10-minute film described the technology used to make it. He died on June 16 in Sarasota, Florida.
*CHM=Computer History Museum
*FFF=Kane, Famous First Facts
*NSEC= NASA Solar Eclipse Calendar
*RMAT= The Renaissance Mathematicus, Thony Christie
*SAU=St Andrews Univ. Math History
*TIA = Today in Astronomy
*TIS= Today in Science History
*VFR = V Frederick Rickey, USMA
*Wik = Wikipedia
*WM = Women of Mathematics, Grinstein & Campbell
*FFF=Kane, Famous First Facts
*NSEC= NASA Solar Eclipse Calendar
*RMAT= The Renaissance Mathematicus, Thony Christie
*SAU=St Andrews Univ. Math History
*TIA = Today in Astronomy
*TIS= Today in Science History
*VFR = V Frederick Rickey, USMA
*Wik = Wikipedia
*WM = Women of Mathematics, Grinstein & Campbell
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