Sir Christopher Zeeman
Today is the 193rd day of the year; 193 is one of a twin prime pair and is the sum of products of the first three twin primes pairs: 3*5 + 5*7 + 11*13 = 193. *Prime Curios
The square of 193 (37249) concatenated with its reverse (which is a prime) results in a palindrome that is the product of 2 palindromes, one non-prime (1001) and one prime (3721273).
193 is the smallest prime whose fifth power contains all digits from 1 to 9.
(I also like 193/71 is the closest ratio of two primes less than 2000 to the number e.)
193 is also 97^2 - 96^2
193 is one of a twin prime pair and is the sum of products of the first three twin primes pairs: 3*5 + 5*7 + 11*13 = 193. *Prime Curios The square of 193 (37249) concatenated with its reverse (which is a prime) results in a palindrome (3724994273) that is the product of 2 palindromes, one non-prime (1001) and one prime (3721273). *Prime Curios
The product of the first four primes, 2*3*5*7 = 210, their sum is 17, the product minus the sum is 193.
193 is a happy number, if you sum the square of the digits, and do the same with each answer, you will eventually wind up with 1..
193 is a palindrome in base 12 (121) so 193 = 12^2 + 2*12 + 1
193 is one more than 3*4^3 and also one more than 3 * 8^2 193 is the smallest prime whose fifth power contains all digits from 1 to 9.
1389 King Richard II appoints Geoffrey Chaucer to the position of chief clerk of the king's works in Westminster. Although remembered today for his unfinished "Canterbury Tales" (he had intended 200 stories but only finished 22), he achieved fame during his lifetime as a philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten year-old son Lewis.
1831 Gauss to Schumacher: “I protest against the use of an infinite quantity as an actual entity; this is never allowed in mathematics. The infinite is only a manner of speaking, in which one properly speaks of limits to which certain ratios can come as near as desired, while others are permitted to increase without bound.” *VFR
1844 Captain J.N. Taylor of the Royal Navy first demonstrated the fog horn. At the time, it was called a telephone - to mean far-signalling, thus an instrument like a fog-horn, used on ships, railway trains, etc., for signalling by loud sounds or notes. The 19 July 1844 Times (London) reported, "Yesterday week was a levee day at the Admiralty, and amongst the numerous models..was Captain J. N. Tayler's telephone instrument... The chief object of this powerful wind instrument is to convey signals during foggy weather. Also the Illustrated London News on 24 Aug. 1844 referred to "The Telephone; a Telegraphic Alarum. Amongst the many valuable inventions..that of the 'Telephone, or Marine Alarum and Signal Trumpet', by Captain J. N. Taylor."*TIS
1925 Heisenberg announced the basic principles of quantum mechanics. *VFR
1949 At an IBM sales meeting, Thomas J. Watson Jr. predicts that all moving parts in machines would be replaced by electronics within 10 years. Watson's visionary ideals of where the fledgling computer industry might go helped lead his company to dominance in production of all varieties of computers, from workstations to personal computers.
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1969 What is believed to be the first photo of a laser appeared on the cover of Electronics,on this date .
1979 The Gossamer Albatross completed the first wholly man-powered flight across the English Channel. See August 23, 1971. *VFR
2011 Google announces winners of Google Science Fair . The top three winners by age category are:
- Lauren Hodge in the 13-14 age group. Lauren studied the effect of different marinades on the level of potentially harmful carcinogens in grilled chicken.
- Naomi Shah in the 15-16 age group. Naomi endeavored to prove that making changes to indoor environments that improve indoor air quality can reduce people’s reliance on asthma medications.
- Shree Bose in the 17-18 age group. Shree discovered a way to improve ovarian cancer treatment for patients when they have built up a resistance to certain chemotherapy drugs.
1808 Reverend Robert Main (July 12, 1808 – May 9, 1878) English astronomer.
Born in Kent, the eldest son of Thomas Main, Robert Main attended school in Portsea before studying mathematics at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1834. He served for twenty-five years (1835-60) as First Assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and published numerous articles, particularly on stellar and planetary motion, stellar parallax, and the dimensions and shapes of the planets. From 1841 to 1861 he was successively an honorary secretary, a vice-president, and President of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in 1858 was awarded the Society's Gold Medal. In 1860 he became director of Radcliffe Observatory at Oxford University after the death of Manuel Johnson, and was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. *Today in Astronomy
1854 George Eastman's birthday (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932). Eastman was the American inventor of rolled photographic film. He formed the Eastman Kodak Company to bring photography to the average person. For \($25\), a person could buy a camera with 100 exposures. Eastman promised, "You push the button, we do the rest." Once all 100 pictures were taken, the camera and a \($10\) processing fee was returned to Kodak where they reloaded the camera with film and developed and printed the pictures. *This Day in Science History
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| Original Kodak Camera |
1861 George Washington Carver ( c. 1864 – January 5, 1943) African-American educator, scientist, chemist, inventor, botanist. After the Civil War, Southern farmers planted cotton year after year, and the soil lost its fertility. Yields dropped. Between 1890 and 1910, the cotton crop was devastated by the boll weevil. George Washington Carver was appointed head of the agriculture department at The Tuskegee Institute in Alabama by Booker T. Washington (1896). Carver discovered and taught how to maintain the fertility of the soil. Further, his discovered two new crops that would grow well there: peanuts and sweet potatoes. Further, Carver created a market by inventing hundreds of new uses for for these crops, from milk to printer's ink .*TIS
1875 Ernst Fischer (12 July 1875 – 14 November 1954) is best known for the Riesz-Fischer theorem in the theory of Lebesgue integration.*SAU His main area of research was mathematical analysis, specifically orthonormal sequences of functions which laid groundwork for the emergence of the concept of a Hilbert space. He worked alongside both Mertens and Minkowski at the Universities of Vienna and Zurich , respectively. He later became professor at the University of Erlangen , where he worked with Emmy Noether . *Wik
1895 R(ichard) Buckminster Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American inventor, educator, author, philosopher, engineer and architect who developed the geodesic dome, the only large dome that can be set directly on the ground as a complete structure, and the only practical kind of building that has no limiting dimensions (i.e., beyond which the structural strength must be insufficient). He held over 2000 patents.*TIS
1913 Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr (July 12, 1913 – May 15, 2008) was an American physicist and joint winner, with Polykarp Kusch, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum." His experimental work spurred refinements in the quantum theories of electromagnetic phenomena.*TIS The Lamb shift was an energy difference between the 2S½ and 2P½ energy levels of the hydrogen atom. According to the current theory, these two levels should have the same amount of energy, but when the electrons were exposed to a magnetic field, the energy level of 2S½ was slightly different. This discovery led to the renormalization theory of quantum electrodynamics. *This Day in Science History
1922 Michael Ventris (12 July 1922 – 6 September 1956) English architect and cryptographer who in 1952 deciphered the Minoan Linear B script. These were the inscriptions on ancient clay tablets found in Crete and a few other locations; writings which had baffled archaeologists since their discovery in 1900. He showed the script to be Greek in its oldest known form, dating from about 1400 to 1200 BC, roughly the period of the events narrated in the Homeric epics. One of the most tantalizing riddles of classical archaeology was solved, but not without creating some puzzling situations. The reading of these tablets in the Greek language raised the question: How could a literate people in the fourteenth century BC become illiterate for almost five centuries, to regain literacy in the eighth century? Ventris died young, in an auto accident, soon after his triumph.*TIS
The Pylos 641 tablet, found at Pylos, which was studied by Michael Ventris and played a role in his successful decipherment of Linear B, on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (Wikimedia commons)
1926 Calogero Vinti ( Agrigento , 12 July 1926 – Perugia , 25 August 1997 ) was an Italian mathematician , student of Emilio Bajada . He majored in mathematics at the university of Palermo in 1949 , under the direction of prof. Michele Cipolla , Benedetto Pettineo, but above all Emilio Bajada . Still at the University of Palermo, he dealt with problems inherent to the study of partial differential equations . Professor of Mathematical Analysis since 1960 , from 1962 he taught at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia until 1970 , when he became a professor at the University of Perugia . In Perugia he was also among the founders of the university faculty of engineering of which he was also the first dean .
The Vinti Prize awarded by the Italian Mathematical Union is dedicated to the memory of Calogero Vinti .
1928 Louis Auslander (July 12, 1928 – February 25, 1997) was a Jewish American mathematician.[1] He had wide-ranging interests both in pure and applied mathematics and worked on Finsler geometry, geometry of solvmanifolds and nilmanifolds, locally affine spaces, many aspects of harmonic analysis, representation theory of solvable Lie groups, and multidimensional Fourier transforms and the design of signal sets for communications and radar. He is the author of more than one hundred papers and ten books. *Wik
1928 Elias James Corey (born July 12, 1928; ) American organic chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1990 "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis." He is principally known for his work is in computer-aided analyses of synthesis problems. Using "retrosynthetic analysis," a target molecule might be broken down by reversible steps into simpler, readily available compounds, which is greatly assisted by the use of computers. Corey has synthesized over 100 substances for the first time, including terpenes (plant oil hydrocarbons) and ginkolide B (an extract from the ginko tree used to control asthma.) *Tis
1682 Jean Picard (July 21, 1620 – July 12, 1682) French Jesuit, active astronomer, cartographer, hydraulics engineer, Jean Picard devised a movable-wire micrometer to measure the diameters of celestial objects such as the Sun, Moon and planets. For land surveying and leveling, he designed instruments that incorporated the astronomical telescope. He greatly increased the accuracy of measurements of the Earth, using Snell's method of triangulation (Mesure de la Terre, 1671). This data was used by Newton in his gravitational theory. Picard was one of the first to apply scientific methods to the making of maps. Among his other skills were hydraulics; he solved the problem of supplying the fountains at Versailles with water.*TIS
1834 David Douglas (25 June 1799 – 12 July 1834) Scottish botanist who was one of the most successful of the great 19th century plant collectors. He established about 240 species of plants in Britain. His first foreign plant-hunting expedition (1824) was made throughout the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. The Douglas fir, which he cultivated from 1827, is named after him. He introduced other conifers including the Sitka spruce, now commercially important to the timber industry, and numerous garden plants and shrubs, including the lupin, California poppy and the flowering currant. At age 35, he died in by accident in Hawaii, when he fell into a pit dug by the islanders to trap wild cattle where he was trapped with a bull that also fell into the pit. He was gored to death by the bull.*TIS (add to candidates for most unusual death. see also Eduord Lucas, and Francis Bacon, send your nominees)
1983 Ernst Gabor Straus (February 25, 1922 – July 12, 1983) was a German-American mathematician who helped found the theories of Euclidean Ramsey theory and of the arithmetic properties of analytic functions. His extensive list of co-authors includes Albert Einstein and Paul Erdős as well as other notable researchers including Richard Bellman, Béla Bollobás, Sarvadaman Chowla, Ronald Graham, László Lovász, Carl Pomerance, and George Szekeres. It is due to his collaboration with Straus that Einstein has Erdős number 2. *Wik
1991 Margaret Jane Helen Arnott Wadsworth (1 May, 1942; 12 July, 1991) Jane Wadsworth (née Arnott) was a statistician who applied her skills to data coming from a wide range of topics relating to medical research. She devoted the latter part of her life to combating the AIDS epidemic by constructing and carrying out surveys to establish the pattern of HIV infection in Britain. She was also a pioneer in academic sexual health research.
When the Aids epidemic arrived, Wadsworth became involved in determining the pattern of the HIV infection throughout Britain. This was the first attempt to conduct a study about sexual behaviour in the UK and gave Jane Wadsworth the opportunity to take the leading role in initiating her own research programme for the first time. During this period, Wadsworth's personal life became more strained, however, and her marriage broke up in the late 1980s.
After several years of laying the foundations for sex research, Wadsworth, together with Julia Field, Anne Johnson and Kaye Wellings, embarked on a national study during which they interviewed 18,876 men and women about their sex lives. The study was filmed by Horizon for television and the women briefly found themselves in the eye of the media.
In 1994, Wadsworth and her fellow researcher published Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle detailing the results of the survey. A version of this, Sexual Behavior in Britain, was serialized in the Independent on Sunday. As the first of its kind, the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle (NATSAL) became both the gold standard and the model for subsequent studies for a number of countries the world. *Wik & SAU
2011 Roman Stanisław Ingarden (1 October 1920 in Zakopane – 12 July 2011 in Kraków) was a Polish physicist, specialised mainly in optics and statistical mechanics, son of the Polish philosopher Roman Witold Ingarden.
In 1938 he began his physics studies at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów as student of professors Juliusz Schauder, Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus (mathematics) and Stanisław Loria and Wojciech Rubinowicz (physics).
After the outbreak of Second World War he continued his studies at the Lwów University, now Ivan Franko National University, until the beginning of the German occupation of Poland in 1941. From 1941–1944 he studied at the underground Polish university. After the war he was displaced to Kraków and was employed as assistant at the Faculty of Physics of the Silesian Polytechnics, but continued his studies of physics at the Jagiellonian University under Jan Weyssenhoff and Konstanty Zakrzewski. 1945 he moved to the University of Wrocław, where he was employed as assistant of the Theoretical Physics department.
1949 he obtained his doctor’s degree at the University of Warsaw as a pupil of professor Wojciech Rubinowicz.
He was nominated 1954 as associate, 1964 as full professor of physical sciences. Since 1954 he was responsible for the organization of the Institute of Low Temperatures of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Wrocław.
1966-1991 he was professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1969–1986 Head of the Institute of Physics at this university, (1966–1969), chief of Department of Thermodynamics and Radiation Theory, (1969–1986) chief of department of Theoretical Physics and (1986–1991) chief of department of Statistical Physics.
He was founder of two scientific journals: Reports on Mathematical Physics (1970) and Open Systems and Information Dynamics (1992) noted on the Institute for Scientific Information Master Journal List.
Roman Stanisław Ingarden was an admirer of Japanese culture and language, since 1970s he was lecturer of Japanese language at the Toruń university.
1996 he was nominated Doctor Honoris Causa of the Toruń University.
Credits
*CHM=Computer History Museum
*FFF=Kane, Famous First Facts
*NSEC= NASA Solar Eclipse Calendar
*RMAT= The Renaissance Mathematicus, Thony Christie
*SAU=St Andrews Univ. Math History
*TIA = Today in Astronomy
*TIS= Today in Science History
*VFR = V Frederick Rickey, USMA
*Wik = Wikipedia
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